Background: Fatherhood, similarly to motherhood, is an important role and responsibility. For accepting this role, one needs to be well-prepared. Awareness of father’s experiences of pregnancy can help us to develop plans for the promotion of the role of fatherhood.Objectives: The purpose of this study was to explore how First time fathers describe their experiences of pregnancy.Patients and Methods: The data in this qualitative study were collected by individual open-ended interviews in five public health prenatal care clinics in Tehran, Iran, during 2010-2011. Participants were 26 Iranian and Moslem First-time fathers living in Tehran, whose partner was in the 32th to 40th week of her normal pregnancy. Qualitative content text analysis was used for analyzing interviews.Results: Through analysis of fathers’ experiences of their wives’ pregnancy, four categories, as well as associated subcategories, emerged. The categories include: "Emotional responses to pregnancy, Feeling of change, Accepting the reality and satisfaction, Developing identity as a father." These categories describe the phenomenon of "Transition to fatherhood".Conclusions: Transition to fatherhood extends beyond only moderate mental and social changes, and may be influenced by cultural background and beliefs. Therefore, caregivers should be aware of fathers' changes and needs during pregnancy, and support them while taking into consideration their culture and beliefs.

Background: time to First pregnancy (TTFP) has never been studied in an Iranian setting. Lifestyle, occupational and environmental factors have been suggested to affect the female reproduction.Objective: This study was conducted to measure TTFP in the south of Iran and survey the effects of several similar factors on TTFP by frailty models.Materials and Methods: The data on TTFP were available for 882 women who were randomly selected from the rural population (the south of Iran). Only the First and the planned pregnancies of every woman were included. The data were collected retrospectively by using self-administered questionnaires. Frailty and shared frailty models were used to determine which factors had the highest impact on TTFP.Results: The median TTFP was 6.4 months and several factors were surveyed. However, only the age of marriage, height, maternal education and regularity of menstruation prior to conception were selected in the multivariable models.Conclusion: Among the several factors which were included in the study, the result of frailty model showed that the height, age of marriage and regular menstruation seemed more notable predictors of TTFP.

Background: Women experience physical, hormonal, and psychological changes during pregnancy. Similarly, some traditions are prevalent among Javanese women, which could affect their pregnancy. The experiences of First-time pregnant women in this area remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the lived experiences of women during their First pregnancy. Materials and Methods: The qualitative study with a phenomenological approach was conducted in Kesambon village in Malang Regency, Indonesia. Eight women in their third trimester were selected purposively. Data were gathered using semi-structured interviews and subsequently open-coded using the NVivo-12 software manufactured by the QS International. Results: The participants were married primigravida women aged 17 to 22 years. Four themes emerged as follows: pregnancy is a positive experience, pregnant women are not independent, belief in pregnancy-related myths and traditions, and pregnancy-related information seeking. Conclusions: During the First pregnancy, pregnant women believed and practiced Javanese traditions regarding pregnancy. Although they were happy, they were still dependent and lacked the motivation to seek pregnancy-related information. Hence, midwives should provide them with adequate pregnancy-related information while addressing harmful myths and misconceptions. This should culminate in a successful pregnancy.

Background: Vaginal bleeding during pregnancy is one of the important causes of maternal, fetal and neonatal death. Women who remaine pregnant after vaginal bleeding, are at risk of complications such intrauterine fetal death (IUFD), intra uterine growth retardation (IUGR), preterm labor, placental abruption, preterm pre-labor rupture of membrane (PROM), and low birth weight.Methods: This prospective case–control study was done on 120 pregnant women, 60 with First trimester bleeding and 60 control ones, in Shariati hospital in Isfahan, Iran. All women were evaluated for pregnancy outcomes including bleeding in second and third trimester, abortion, preterm pre labor rupture of membrane, preterm labor, low birth weight, intra uterine growth retardation, mode of labor, APGAR coefficient in 5 minute, and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission. Data was analyzed by Student t and c2 tests.Findings: There were no significant differences between groups in number of previous pregnancies and labors, number of children, history of abortion, premature rupture of membrane (PROM), intrauterine fetal death (IUFD), mod of labor, APGAR coefficient, neonatal intensive care unit admission and intra uterine growth retardation (IUGR) (P≥0.05). But placenta accreta, second trimester bleeding and preterm labor were significantly more in pregnant women with First trimester bleeding (P≤0.05).Conclusion: According to our results and other studies from other countries, First trimester bleeding could predict maternal and fetal complications. We recommend training pregnant women about these complications and their prevention.

Introduction: Heterotopic pregnancy (HP), defined as the simultaneous occurrence of intrauterine and ectopic pregnancies, is extremely rare in natural conception. However, its incidence has been increasing with the widespread use of ovulation induction agents and assisted reproductive technologies (ART). HP poses a significant diagnostic challenge, as the confirmation of an intrauterine pregnancy may lead clinicians to overlook the possibility of a concurrent ectopic pregnancy. Failure to establish an early diagnosis can result in tubal rupture, intra-abdominal hemorrhage, maternal morbidity or mortality, and loss of the intrauterine pregnancy. Case Presentation: We report the case of a 29-year-old primigravida with a history of clomiphene citrate use, who presented on September 24, 2021, to the emergency department of Sarem Subspecialty Hospital with acute severe abdominal pain, nausea, and two episodes of syncope. A twin intrauterine pregnancy at 12 weeks’ gestation had been documented on ultrasound one day earlier. On admission, she was hemodynamically unstable, with a blood pressure of 60/80 mmHg, cold sweating, and tachycardia. Emergency ultrasonography revealed a large amount of free intraperitoneal fluid. The patient was immediately taken for laparotomy, during which approximately 500 mL of blood and clots were evacuated. The uterus and right adnexa appeared normal; however, a fetus with its placenta was identified adjacent to the left ovary with active bleeding. Following removal of the ectopic gestation and hemostasis, a left salpingectomy was performed. The patient was transferred to the ICU and discharged three days later in good general condition, with a viable intrauterine singleton pregnancy confirmed by ultrasound. The pregnancy progressed uneventfully, and at 37 weeks, she underwent cesarean section due to marginal placenta, resulting in the delivery of a healthy male infant weighing 3200 g with Apgar scores of 9 and 10. Conclusion: This case highlights the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion for heterotopic pregnancy, even in the presence of a confirmed intrauterine pregnancy. Prompt diagnosis and timely surgical intervention are crucial for maternal survival and preservation of the intrauterine gestation. Reporting such cases contributes to greater clinical awareness, facilitates earlier recognition, and supports optimal management strategies in similar scenarios.

Introduction: Rudimentary horn pregnancy (RHP), an entity with a diagnostic dilemma is known to rupture most commonly in second trimester, sometimes in early third trimester. This case of ectopic rudimentary horn (RH) presented acutely in the First trimester.Case Presentation: A 30 years old G3P2L2 with previous two vaginal deliveries presented with acute abdominal pain and features of hemorrhagic shock at 8 weeks 5 days gestational age. With clinical diagnosis of ruptured ectopic pregnancy, the patient immediately underwent laparotomy, which revealed hemoperitoneum with a unicornuate uterus along with ruptured RHP. RH excision with ipsilateral salpingectomy and right tubal ligation was done and the maternal life salvaged.Conclusion: High index of suspicion based on clinical history and examination complemented with diagnostic radiological modalities can help in prenatal and pre-rupture diagnosis of RHP, hence its prompt treatment to alleviate scope of any emergency situation and the disastrous consequences leading to maternal morbidity and mortality.

Background: Vaginal bleeding is a tragedy that causes a high mortality and morbidity rate. The aim of this study was to find the most frequent causes of vaginal bleeding in First half of pregnancy. Materials and methods: This study is a cross sectional study performed on 161 cases with vaginal bleeding during pregnancy who had been referred to Taleghani Hospital. Sampling was achieved using non random convenient technique.Results: The mean age of subjects was 27.1±6.1 years and the mean gestational age was 16.3±10.1 weeks. Mean of gravidity was 2.5±1.6. Thirty three percents of subjects were primigravid. The most common causes of bleeding were: abortion (72.7%), placenta previa (12.4%), ectopic pregnancy (8.1%), and placenta abruptio (6.8%).Conclusion: Of 161 cases, 75 (46.5%) lead to abortion or curettage. Abortion was by far the most common cause of vaginal bleeding.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the perinatal outcome and pregnancy complication (preterm delivery, preterm prelabour rupture of membrane [PPROM], preeclampsia, placental abruption and intrauterine growth restriction [IUGR]) of threatened miscarriage.Materials and Methods: A total of 963 patients attended the study. Of these, 493 women had threatened miscarriage. The control group included 470 pregnants without First trimester vaginal bleeding. We compared the two groups according to maternal age, gravida, parity, spontaneous or induced abortion history, pregnancy period, livebirth or pregnancy loss, newborn weight and Apgar values after 1 and 5 minutes, newborns’ gender for livebirth and preterm deliveries.Results: Incidence of preterm delivery, abortion, lower gestational fetal weight and preterm rupture of membrane was increased in threatened miscarriage group. Mean pregnancy period in threatened miscarriage group was 243 days; in control group was 263 days. There was adverse influence of maternal age and abortion history on outcomes in pregnancies with threatened miscarriage. However sex of the fetuses and Apgar values after 1 and 5 minutes were similar between two groups.Conclusion: Threatened miscarriage is an important situation to predict both the maternal and fetal outcomes in late pregnancy. Maternal obstetric history on previous pregnancies should be questioned. It is therefore essential to consider these pregnancies as high risk group and provide careful antenatal care.